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2026
Three-year efficacy and safety of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control: a multicentre real-world study
10.1136/bjo-2025-328687The real-world study includes groups with varying durations of RLRL use, including 91 participants treated with 3 for at least one year.
These are groups by length of treatment, not a three-year RCT. Possible selection of continuators. Median in the longest group 3,65 of the year.
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2026
Repeated low-level red-light therapy combined with orthokeratology for myopia control in Spain: a randomised controlled study
10.1136/bjo-2025-328347A Spanish RCT showed greater axis control when RLRL was added to orthokeratology than with orthokeratology alone.
Small, single-center and unblinded trial. This is a combination treatment study, not a European monotherapy RCT RLRL .
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2026
Five-year efficacy and safety of repeated low-level red light therapy for myopia control in children: a multicenter, real-world study
10.1016/j.aopr.2026.06.002The 2026 publication by Zhang et al. describes multicenter real-world data with follow-up dating back to 5 years.
DOI, authors and publication type were verified. Follow-up for 5 years does not mean that each participant was followed for 5 years; this is not a five-year RCT.
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2026
Efficacy of repeated red-light laser therapy for myopia control in Australian children: a pilot randomised controlled trial
10.1080/08164622.2026.2648328The Australian pilot RCT showed less axis gain in the RLRL group; extends data beyond Chinese populations.
34 children, three withdrawals in the RLRL group, including one due to headache. It does not confirm equal effectiveness in all populations.
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2026
Safety analysis of repeated low-level red light therapy on cone mosaic and microvasculature by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105473The AOSLO study showed no significant loss of cone density or differences in microcirculatory parameters tested after at least 8 months of RLRL.
66 eyes, of which 20 in the RLRL group; the unit is the eye, not the number of patients. Cross-sectional examination does not exclude rare or distant lesions.
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2026
UD148 — projekt zmiany opieki zdrowotnej nad uczniami
https://www.gov.pl/web/premier/projekt-ustawy-o-zmianie-ustawy-o-opiece-zdrowotnej-nad-uczniamiThe Chancellery of the Prime Minister describes the project of changes in the organization of health care for students and the problems of its availability.
The status of the project was checked on the website of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister. We do not present the proposed solutions as a valid reform.
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2026
NIK — niewystarczająca opieka zdrowotna w szkołach
https://www.nik.gov.pl/aktualnosci/sprawy-spoleczne/niewystarczajaca-opieka-zdrowotna-w-szkolach.htmlThe Supreme Audit Office audit identified organizational problems and problems with further proceedings after incorrect school test results.
Regional control; does not allow determining the percentage of irregularities for the entire country.
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2026
Opinia AOTMiT — program wad wzroku i słuchu w gminie Żary
https://www.aotm.gov.pl/aktualnosci/najnowsze/opinia-prezesa-program-profilaktyki-i-wczesnego-wykrywania-wad-wzroku-i-sluchu-wsrod-dzieci-wczesnoszkolnych-w-gminie-zary-na-lata-2026-2030/AOTMiT publishes an opinion on the local program for the prevention of vision and hearing defects in the Żary commune for the years 2026–2030.
The opinion about the project does not confirm its actual scope or implementation results.
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2026
Myopia Trends in Europe: A Reappraisal of Current Evidence
10.1007/s40123-026-01412-2Lance, Morgan and Grzybowski ( 2026 ) point out that global extrapolations may overestimate the future burden of parts of European populations.
Interpretive commentary, not a new national measurement and not proof that the myopia problem has disappeared.
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2026
MOE — raportowany trend częstości miopii uczniów
https://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202609/t20260904_1449012.htmlThe September MOE announcement 2026 reports student myopia 49,9% in 2025 versus 53,6% in 2018.
The administrative trend does not prove which policy component is responsible for the change. It is not a forecast for Poland.
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2026
Plan pięciu obszarów zdrowia dzieci i młodzieży 2026–2030
https://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1779/202603/t20260324_1431885.htmlChina's 2026–2030 plan outlines vision checks, electronic documentation and myopia targets by age.
Objectives are target values, not achieved results. The document was signed 25.12.2025 ; The analyzed MOE publication comes from 2026.
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2026
Efficacy and safety of low-concentration atropine combined with orthokeratology for children with myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
10.1186/s12886-026-04816-7A meta-analysis of RCTs showed additional inhibition of axis extension for low atropine with orthokeratology compared to orthokeratology alone.
Differences in observation times and protocols; collective benefit does not imply indication for every combination.
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2025
Synergistic effect of defocus incorporated multiple segment glasses and repeated low level red light therapy against myopia progression
10.1038/s41598-024-81363-5In a retrospective analysis, DIMS + RLRL was associated with greater axis control than either method alone.
Lack of randomization, unequal groups and no monofocal lens group. It does not establish a standard or ranking of all methods.
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2025
Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red Light Versus 0.01% Topical Atropine on Myopia Progression: A Randomized Crossover-Controlled Trial
10.1167/tvst.14.4.22The study compares RLRL with atropine 0,01% in a crossover design.
It does not examine the simultaneous use of both methods. The choroidal parameters publication from DOI 10.1007 /s40123- 025-01169-0 describes the initial phase of the same study; We don't double the attempt.
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2025
Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1136/bjo-2024-325427Liang et al.'s model predicts 39,80% myopia in children and adolescents at 2050.
276 studies from 50 countries; heterogeneous protocols. 2024 Online Publication, 2025 Journal Volume. Different population and model than Holden; these numbers should not be taken away as a trend change.
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2025
MEXT — dane z badania krótkowzroczności uczniów
https://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/kenko/hoken/mext_03197.htmlMEXT provides rules for access to individual student myopia data from fiscal years 2021–2023.
Confirms the measurement design. It is not evidence of an equivalent to the Singapore NMPP.
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2025
IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025
10.1167/iovs.66.12.39IMI 2025 organizes optical, pharmacological, environmental and lighting strategies and the state of research on their effects.
Mature technologies and emerging methods have a different evidence base. The inspection is not an individual clinical eligibility assessment of the child.
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2025
Prevalence of myopia in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 14 countries
10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101319The European meta-analysis obtained 23,5% cumulative frequency; 18,9% in studies with cycloplegia and 31,2% without it.
22 test, I²= 99,7% . This is not a percentage for Poland or an adjustment that can be applied to every study. When stratified by age and cycloplegia, the increase was less clear.
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2025
Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis
10.1002/14651858.cd014758.pub3Cochrane 2025 indicates that pharmacological and optical interventions may reduce progression, but the certainty of results and long-term data are mixed.
Last query 19.02.2024 . Does not include all tests with 2025–2026 ; poorly connected networks do not justify simple product ranking.
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2024
WHO SPECS 2030
https://www.who.int/initiatives/specs-2030SPECS 2030 addresses access to refractive care more broadly; includes services, staff, education, costs and monitoring.
It is not a myopia-only program and is not the source of the 49,8% projection.
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2024
MOHW — aktywność na zewnątrz i zdrowie wzroku dzieci
https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2704-79374-1.htmlTaiwan's official materials promote daily outdoor time and regular eye checkups for children.
A public performance system has many components. Educational communication is not an evaluation of the causal effect of an entire policy.
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2024
National Myopia Prevention Programme — odpowiedź MOH
https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/effectiveness-of-national-myopia-prevention-programme-s-strategies-for-primary-school-students/NMPP has been operational since 2001. MOH reported the myopia rate 26% in Primary 1 in 2023 and screening and education.
Administrative data do not isolate the causal effect of a program; the result applies to Primary 1 , not to the entire population.
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2024
Safety of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia: A systematic review
10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100124The RLRL safety review included 20 research; 1436 participants received therapy. No permanent vision loss was reported in the analyzed corpus.
Median follow-up 9 months, maximum 24. Two descriptions referred to the same patient. The absence of an observed event does not prove zero risk.
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2024
Artificial intelligence enhanced ophthalmological screening in children: insights from a cohort study in Lubelskie Voivodeship
10.1038/s41598-023-50665-5The publication regarding 1049 children from the Lublin Voivodeship reports 3,7% myopia.
Narrow age and one region. The number of 1049 in the publication analysis is different from the administrative number of 1052 of pilot participants. We are not compiling them as an error or trend.
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2024
Myopia management algorithm. Annexe to the article titled Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute
10.1177/11206721231219532The ESO/IMI Complement organizes a pathway for risk assessment, intervention and control in the management of myopia.
The algorithm supports the clinical decision; it does not replace examination and does not create a single regimen for all children.
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2023
Incidence of Corneal Adverse Events in Children Wearing Soft Contact Lenses
10.1097/icl.0000000000000976A review of prospective studies of soft lenses in children estimated microbial keratitis at 2,7 per 10 000 patient-years.
95% CI: 0,5–15 ; 3752 patient-years and one case. Wide uncertainty. We do not transfer this indicator to orthokeratology.
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2023
Retinal Damage After Repeated Low-level Red-Light Laser Exposure
10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.1548Bilateral visual impairment and retinal changes have been reported following the use of RLRL; improvement was observed after exposure was discontinued.
The case report is a safety signal, not an indicator of incidence or evidence that all devices have the same risk profile.
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2023
Evaluation of the Prevalence of Refractive Defects and Ocular Function in a Group of 1518 Children Aged 8 Years in Northwestern Poland-A Retrospective Study
10.3390/jcm12082880In a retrospective 1518 study of eight-year-olds, myopia was found in 16,8% subjects.
Data from the years 2017–2019 ; publication 2023 . A regional sample, not a nationwide indicator and not another point in the series of Czepita's research.
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2023
Low-Dose 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops vs Placebo for Myopia Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial
10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.2855In the American PEDIG RCT, atropine 0,01% did not slow progression or axis prolongation relative to placebo.
The result relates to the tested concentration, preparation and population. It does not disprove the effects of all concentrations of atropine.
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2022
Sustained and rebound effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy on myopia control: A 2-year post-trial follow-up study
10.1111/ceo.14149Follow-up of RLRL showed maintenance of the effect in those continuing and rebound in some people after discontinuation.
Second year without re-randomization; only 11 children continued RLRL, 114 with 199 eligible were analyzed. It does not establish verified tapering.
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2022
Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Myopia Control in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.11.023In the multicenter RCT RLRL, the mean adjusted axis gain at 1 year was 0,13 mm versus 0,38 mm in the control group.
No sham; annual observation, Chinese population. We do not transfer the result to any red light lamps.
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2022
Podsumowanie pilotażu „Dobrze widzieć”
https://www.gov.pl/web/edukacja/wyniki-jednoznacznie-wskazuja-ze-program-musi-byc-kontynuowany--minister-przemyslaw-czarnek-podsumowal-wyniki-pilotazowego-programu-dobrze-widziecIn 2022, the Ministry of National Education summarized the "Good to See" pilot: 1052 covered children from 10 schools.
The administrative scope of the program is not an estimate of the incidence throughout Poland.
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2022
Spectacle Lenses With Aspherical Lenslets for Myopia Control vs Single-Vision Spectacle Lenses: A Randomized Clinical Trial
10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0401Testing of spectacle lenses with aspherical microlenses showed inhibition of progression for the HAL design compared to single vision lenses.
Product and design-dependent result; is not a direct comparison of HAL with DIMS.
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2021
Ocena wpływu aktywności fizycznej na stan narządu wzroku – aktualny stan wiedzy
https://ppm.edu.pl/info/article/PUM3fc0b3d9c80a4a4181aaf5f71bc1d5c6/Polish conference report on physical activity and the organ of vision. PPM/PUM record: 2021, p. 191–192.
The bibliographic record was verified, not the full text of the abstract. We do not attribute a numerical effect or randomized trial level of evidence to this item.
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2021
Dobrze widzieć — uruchomienie pilotażu
https://www.gov.pl/web/edukacja/dobrze-widziec--program-profilaktyki-krotkowzrocznosci-u-uczniow-z-edukacji-wczesnoszkolnejThe pilot project “Dobrze widzieć” received PLN 1,1 million in funding and covered children in the Lublin Voivodeship.
The announcement and budget of the pilot do not demonstrate the implementation of a sustainable national program.
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2021
Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute
10.1177/1120672121998960ESO and IMI present a framework for the selection of management, prevention and monitoring of myopia progression.
The guidelines require reference to current knowledge, local availability and the specific patient.
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2020
The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1167/iovs.61.4.49The severity of myopia is associated with higher odds ratios of maculopathy, retinal detachment and some other eye diseases.
Data largely observational. The odds ratio (OR) is not the absolute risk of a particular child; definitions and reference groups vary between studies.
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2020
Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial
10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313739In the DIMS RCT, the average axis extension over the 2 years was 0,21 mm compared to 0,55 mm with single vision lenses.
Study of the specific design of DIMS ; 160 children completed follow-up. Online 2019, volume of 2020 magazine. It does not prove that all defocus glasses work.
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2020
Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial
10.1001/jama.2020.10834In BLINK, soft lenses with high addition + 2,50 D inhibited progression more strongly than the tested single vision and medium addition lenses.
The result relates to the tested structure and addition; is not a comparison to the MiSight disposable lens.
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2019
A 3-year Randomized Clinical Trial of MiSight Lenses for Myopia Control
10.1097/opx.0000000000001410The three-year MiSight RCT showed slower refractive error and ocular axis growth with daily disposable dual-focus lenses tested.
Examination of a specific lens; 109 of 144 participants are three years old. It is not proof for every soft lens.
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2019
Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops in Myopia Control
10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.05.029In LAMP, atropine 0,05% provided greater control of refraction and axis extension than 0,025% and 0,01% in the first year of the study.
The response was concentration dependent; this result does not establish the optimal dose for each child.
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2019
Potential Lost Productivity Resulting from the Global Burden of Myopia: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Modeling
10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.029Naidoo et al.'s model estimated the potential loss of productivity due to uncorrected myopia at 244 billion in 2015.
95% CI: 49–697 USD billion. This is a model of lost productivity, not health care expenses or the cost of all refractive errors.
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2019
IMI - Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies
10.1167/iovs.18-25957IMI defines myopia as spherical equivalent ≤− 0,50 D and high myopia as ≤− 6,00 D with relaxed accommodation.
Pathological myopia means structural changes; is not an automatic synonym for high defect. The high myopia threshold is different from Holden 2016.
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2018
The review of refractive studies of nonadults in Poland
10.1111/aos.13666Grzybowski and Nowak compiled Polish refraction studies of minors, showing the diversity of data by age and examination.
The review published in 2018 does not replace current representative national monitoring.
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2018
Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland
10.3390/ijerph15010090Nowak, Jurowski, Grzybowski and Śmigielski described refractive errors in an adult population in central Poland.
We do not transfer the results of adults to children. The regional trial is not a monitoring of the entire country.
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2017
Ocena wpływu aktywności fizycznej na stan narządu wzroku – aktualny stan wiedzy
https://ppm.edu.pl/info/article/PUMf36f5d73d47a40a598417dd6849a80ba/Polish conference report on physical activity and the organ of vision. PPM/PUM record: 2017, p. 101.
The bibliographic record was verified, not the full text of the abstract. We do not attribute a numerical effect or randomized trial level of evidence to this item.
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2016
Association of Axial Length With Risk of Uncorrectable Visual Impairment for Europeans With Myopia
10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4009A longer eye axis and greater myopia were associated with a greater risk of uncorrectable visual impairment.
Extreme axle lengths are rare. A population association cannot be turned into an individual prognosis for a child.
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2016
Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050
10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006Holden et al.'s model (2016) estimated 49,8% myopia in the world population in 2050. It is a projection, not a measurement of the future.
145 research; extrapolating trends and replacing missing data with data from similar regions. 95% CI for 2050 : 43,4–55,7% . High myopia in this model: ≤− 5,00 D. The calculation was not made by WHO.
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2015
Effect of Time Spent Outdoors at School on the Development of Myopia Among Children in China: A Randomized Clinical Trial
10.1001/jama.2015.10803Additional 40 minutes of outdoor activity on school days was associated with lower incidence in an RCT: 30,4% vs. 39,5% over 3 years.
The primary outcome concerns the onset of myopia in children without it at baseline. It is not a measure of stopping existing progression.
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2014
Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: changes after stopping atropine 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5%
10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.020After discontinuation of atropine in ATOM2, rebound dependent on the previous concentration was observed.
The post-treatment phase concerns participants in a specific study. It does not designate a universal withdrawal pattern.
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2012
Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial
10.1167/iovs.12-10565In ROMIO, the average axis gain was 0,36 mm in orthokeratology and 0,63 mm in the single vision group over 2 years.
78 children completed the study; unblinded users. Five people discontinued orthokeratology due to adverse events.
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2012
Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2)
10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.031ATOM2 compared the atropine concentrations of 0,5%, 0,1% and 0,01%; lower concentrations had a milder visual symptom profile.
No parallel placebo arm. The historical placebo with ATOM1 is not an equivalent random comparator.
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2007
Prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren
10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00419.xIn the study by Czepita et al. published in 2007, myopia was diagnosed in 13,3% and 4422 students.
Historical sample with a wide age range; does not describe the current incidence across the country.
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2006
Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia
10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.062ATOM showed slower refractive progression and ocular axis increase with atropine 1% than with placebo.
One randomly selected eye was treated; Asian population. We do not transfer the effects and effectiveness of this concentration directly to low concentrations.
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1971
The effect of atropine on myopia
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5163783/Bedrossian's record from 1971 documents the early stage of research on atropine in myopia.
Verified metadata; no abstract in the register. We do not attribute the numerical effect or the contemporary standard of RCT. This is the oldest verified record for this version of the axis, not a claim of the first ever study.
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Prawo pacjenta do informacji
https://www.gov.pl/web/rpp/prawo-do-informacjiThe RPP describes the right to accessible information about proposed and possible methods and the foreseeable consequences of their use or omission.
It does not imply an obligation to propose every existing method regardless of indications, evidence and availability.
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Pielęgniarka szkolna — profilaktyka i testy
https://pacjent.gov.pl/artykul/pielegniarka-szkolnaSchool prevention includes, among others: visual acuity, strabismus and color vision test.
A positive screening test requires further evaluation. Acuity screening is not a diagnosis of myopia or a national refraction registry.
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Student Health Service — zakres świadczeń
https://www.studenthealth.gov.hk/english/aboutus/aboutus_shscsac/aboutus_shscsac.htmlStudent Health Service has been operating since 1995; an annual health assessment covers vision and referrals for follow-up care.
A broad student health program, not just a myopia program.